{"id":9033,"date":"2025-09-08T09:05:47","date_gmt":"2025-09-08T09:05:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/?p=9033"},"modified":"2025-09-08T09:06:55","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T09:06:55","slug":"2025-pigments-toxicology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/fr\/2025-pigments-toxicology\/","title":{"rendered":"2025 Pigments et toxicologie"},"content":{"rendered":"

01 Aper\u00e7u de la l\u00e9gislation relative aux pigments<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour r\u00e9pondre aux exigences en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des produits et d'environnement, les plastiques et les produits en plastique doivent se conformer aux r\u00e9glementations en vigueur dans les diff\u00e9rents pays et r\u00e9gions, en particulier en ce qui concerne le contr\u00f4le des substances chimiques. Parmi celles-ci, les sp\u00e9cifications chimiques des colorants (pigments) font l'objet d'une attention particuli\u00e8re. En fonction de la r\u00e9gion et du type de produit, les exigences pertinentes peuvent viser les pigments eux-m\u00eames, les mat\u00e9riaux plastiques ou englober des dispositions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les effets des produits chimiques sur les membranes muqueuses telles que la peau et les yeux sont \u00e9valu\u00e9s par des tests de contact avec des animaux en laboratoire et class\u00e9s en fonction de la gravit\u00e9 de l'irritation ou de la corrosion. Les recherches indiquent que la grande majorit\u00e9 des pigments organiques ne sont pas irritants pour la peau et les muqueuses ; parmi les 192 pigments organiques couramment utilis\u00e9s, seuls 6 ont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 une l\u00e9g\u00e8re irritation chez les animaux de laboratoire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les pigments organiques ne pr\u00e9sentent aucune toxicit\u00e9 lors des tests d'exposition r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e et sont exclus des substances n\u00e9cessitant le label R48 (l'exposition r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e provoque des dommages graves) en vertu de la r\u00e9glementation de l'UE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inorganic pigments often contain heavy metals (defined as having a density >4.5 g\/mL). Except for aluminum powder, carbon black, and ultramarine blue\/violet, most contain heavy metals. Testing indicates that, apart from chromium and cadmium-based pigments, most inorganic pigments are harmless in terms of toxicology and ecology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

02 Toxicologie et \u00e9cologie des pigments<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les pigments sont peu solubles dans l'eau et les solvants courants. Leur impact \u00e9cologique provient essentiellement des \u00e9missions de gaz d'\u00e9chappement et des eaux us\u00e9es lors de la production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Gaz r\u00e9siduaire :<\/strong>\u00a0La pollution par les poussi\u00e8res de pigments organiques exige des concentrations dans l'air inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 6 mg\/m\u00b3 et doit faire l'objet d'une purification avant d'\u00eatre rejet\u00e9e. Le personnel de production doit porter des \u00e9quipements de protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Eaux us\u00e9es : <\/strong>Les effluents de production peuvent contenir des substances canc\u00e9rig\u00e8nes telles que des amines aromatiques et des nitrites, ce qui n\u00e9cessite un traitement physique et biologique pour les rendre non toxiques pour les poissons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des \u00e9tudes approfondies confirment que la toxicologie et l'\u00e9cologie des colorants englobent neuf aspects :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Toxicit\u00e9 aigu\u00eb<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0 la toxicit\u00e9 r\u00e9sultant d'une seule exposition. Des tests effectu\u00e9s sur des souris avec 108 pigments organiques ont montr\u00e9 que leur DL50<\/sub>\u00a0d\u00e9passent toutes 5 000 mg\/kg, soit plus que le sel de table (environ 3 000 mg\/kg). L'UE d\u00e9finit les substances ayant une DL50<\/sub>\u00a0Les essais ETAD ont montr\u00e9 que les colorants dont la concentration est inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 2000 mg\/kg sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme toxiques. Des essais ETAD portant sur plus de 4 400 colorants et pigments ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que seuls 8% environ pr\u00e9sentent une toxicit\u00e9 aigu\u00eb, principalement des colorants cationiques, des colorants \u00e0 complexe m\u00e9tallique et des produits contenant des auxiliaires. Actuellement, 13 pigments \u00e0 toxicit\u00e9 aigu\u00eb sont interdits (tableau 1), dont 6 pigments basiques, 2 pigments acides, 1 pigment direct, 3 colorants basiques et 1 phtalocyanine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tableau 1 : Pigments de toxicit\u00e9 aigu\u00eb actuellement interdits sur le march\u00e9 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Num\u00e9ro de s\u00e9rie<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pigment<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Num\u00e9ro de s\u00e9rie<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pigment<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
1<\/td>Jaune basique 21<\/td>8<\/td>Orange acide 165<\/td><\/tr>
2<\/td>Rouge de base 12<\/td>9<\/td>Direct Orange 62<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>Violet de base 16<\/td>10<\/td>Ice Dye Base 20<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>Bleu de base 3<\/td>11<\/td>Ice Dye Base 24<\/td><\/tr>
5<\/td>Bleu de base 7<\/td>12<\/td>Ice Dye Base 41<\/td><\/tr>
6<\/td>Bleu basique 81<\/td>13<\/td>Bleu ingrain 2:2<\/td><\/tr>
7<\/td>Orange acide 156<\/td>\u00a0<\/td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ces pigments \u00e0 toxicit\u00e9 aigu\u00eb pr\u00e9sentent les caract\u00e9ristiques suivantes : les pigments solubles dans l'eau constituent la grande majorit\u00e9 d'entre eux ; ils se dissolvent facilement dans des solvants polaires tels que l'\u00e9thanol ; et leurs structures mol\u00e9culaires contiennent des substituants donneurs d'\u00e9lectrons puissants tels que des groupes amin\u00e9s ou des groupes amin\u00e9s substitu\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 Toxicit\u00e9 en cas d'exposition r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lors d'essais d'exposition r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e \u00e0 des doses subl\u00e9tales sur des animaux, la plupart des colorants et des pigments n'ont montr\u00e9 aucune toxicit\u00e9 organique \u00e0 des doses ne d\u00e9passant pas 1 000 mg\/kg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 Irritation<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Se r\u00e9f\u00e8re aux effets d'irritation sur la peau et les membranes muqueuses. Des tests ETAD portant sur 68 colorants et pigments ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu'environ 30% provoquaient une irritation des yeux ou de la peau, en partie imputable aux additifs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4. L'allerg\u00e9nicit\u00e9<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Certain pigments may cause skin or respiratory allergies. Allergenic pigments in textiles must be controlled below 0.006%. ETAD identified 27 allergenic pigments (Table 2), including 26 disperse dyes and 1 acid dye; the Oeko-Tex Standard 100 lists 20. Their common characteristics include: predominantly azo or anthraquinone structures, relatively low molecular weight (230\u00a0\u2013 400), presence of strong electron-donating groups such as hydroxyl or amino, and solubility in organic solvents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tableau 2 Pigments allerg\u00e8nes actuellement connus <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Num\u00e9ro de s\u00e9rie<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pigment<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Num\u00e9ro de s\u00e9rie<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pigment<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
1<\/td>C.I. Disperse Yellow 1<\/td>15<\/td>C.I. Disperse Blue 1<\/td><\/tr>
2<\/td>C.I. Disperse Yellow 3<\/td>16<\/td>C.I. Disperse Blue 3<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>C.I. Disperse Yellow 9<\/td>17<\/td>C.I. Disperse Blue 7<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>C.I. Disperse Yellow 39<\/td>18<\/td>C.I. Disperse Blue 26<\/td><\/tr>
5<\/td>C.I. Disperse Yellow 49<\/td>19<\/td>C.I. Disperse Blue 35<\/td><\/tr>
6<\/td>C.I. Disperse Orange 1<\/td>20<\/td>C.I. Disperse Blue 85<\/td><\/tr>
7<\/td>C.I. Disperse Orange 3<\/td>21<\/td>C.I. Disperse Blue 102<\/td><\/tr>
8<\/td>C.I. Disperse Orange 13<\/td>22<\/td>C.I. Disperse Blue 106<\/td><\/tr>
9<\/td>C.I. Disperse Orange 37<\/td>23<\/td>C.I. Disperse Blue 124<\/td><\/tr>
10<\/td>C.I. Disperse Orange 76<\/td>24<\/td>C.I. Disperse Brown 1<\/td><\/tr>
11<\/td>C.I. Disperse Red 1<\/td>25<\/td>C.I. Disperse Black 1<\/td><\/tr>
12<\/td>C.I. Disperse Red 11<\/td>26<\/td>C.I. Disperse Black 2<\/td><\/tr>
13<\/td>C.I. Disperse Red 15<\/td>27<\/td>C.I. Acid Black 48<\/td><\/tr>
14<\/td>C.I. Disperse Red 17<\/td>\u00a0<\/td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2.5 Mutag\u00e9nicit\u00e9<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9notoxicit\u00e9 est \u00e9valu\u00e9e par des tests tels que le test d'Ames. Plus des deux tiers de plus de 200 colorants ne pr\u00e9sentent aucune mutag\u00e9nicit\u00e9, tandis qu'un seul des 36 pigments organiques pr\u00e9sente une g\u00e9notoxicit\u00e9. Les impuret\u00e9s peuvent \u00e9galement contribuer aux effets mutag\u00e8nes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le tableau 3 pr\u00e9sente la mutag\u00e9nicit\u00e9 de 25 pigments organiques test\u00e9s \u00e0 l'aide de la m\u00e9thode d'Ames, qui ne r\u00e9v\u00e8le que des effets mutag\u00e8nes mineurs pour quelques vari\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques de pigments organiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tableau 3 : R\u00e9sultats des tests de mutag\u00e9nicit\u00e9 des pigments organiques par le test d'Ames <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pigments \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Indice de colorant Num\u00e9ro de structure<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>R\u00e9sultats<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pigments \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Indice de colorant Num\u00e9ro de structure<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>R\u00e9sultats<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Yellow 1<\/td>11680<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>Rouge pigmentaire C.I. 49:2<\/td>15630:2<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Yellow 12<\/td>21090<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>Rouge pigmentaire C.I. 53:1<\/td>15585 1<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Yellow 74<\/td>11741<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>C.I. Pigment Red 57:1<\/td>15850 1<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Orange 5<\/td>12075<\/td>Faiblement positif<\/td>Rouge pigmentaire C.I. 63:1<\/td>158801<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Orange 13<\/td>21110<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>C.1. Pigment bleu 15<\/td>74160<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Red 1<\/td>12070<\/td>Faiblement positif<\/td>C1. Bleu pigmentaire 15:1<\/td>74160.1<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Red 4<\/td>12085<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>C1. Bleu pigmentaire 1512<\/td>74160 2<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Red 22<\/td>12815<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>C1. Bleu pigmentaire 15:3<\/td>74160-3<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Red 23<\/td>12355<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>C1. Bleu pigmentaire 15:4<\/td>74160\u00a04<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Red 48:1<\/td>15865-1<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>C.1. Pigment vert 7<\/td>74260<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I. Pigment Red 48:2<\/td>15865 2<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>C.1. Pigment vert 36<\/td>74265<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Red 49<\/td>15630<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>C.1. Pigment Violet 19<\/td>73900<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Red 49:1<\/td>15630:1<\/td>N\u00e9gatif<\/td>\u00a0<\/td>\u00a0<\/td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2.6 Toxicit\u00e9 chronique et canc\u00e9rog\u00e9nicit\u00e9<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Certains colorants peuvent se d\u00e9composer en lib\u00e9rant des amines aromatiques canc\u00e9rig\u00e8nes ou pr\u00e9senter une canc\u00e9rog\u00e9nicit\u00e9 directe. L'ETAD a identifi\u00e9 143 colorants susceptibles de se d\u00e9composer en amines canc\u00e9rig\u00e8nes, dont 11 class\u00e9s comme canc\u00e9rig\u00e8nes directs, la plupart pr\u00e9sentant des structures azo\u00efques ou des substituants amin\u00e9s. Les pigments tels que la phtalocyanine de cuivre peuvent s'adsorber sur les prot\u00e9ines s\u00e9riques et s'accumuler, affectant ainsi la composition du sang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.7 Toxicit\u00e9 aquatique et biod\u00e9gradabilit\u00e9<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ETAD testing indicates that 59% of dyes and pigments exhibit low fish toxicity (LD50 > 100 mg\/L), while only 2% demonstrate high toxicity (LD50 < 1 mg\/L). In bacterial toxicity tests, a small number of dyes inhibit bacterial growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.8 Irritation de la peau et des muqueuses<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parmi les 192 pigments organiques, seul un tr\u00e8s petit nombre pr\u00e9sente une irritation de la peau et des muqueuses des animaux de laboratoire, y compris les effets des additifs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.9 Impuret\u00e9s dans les pigments<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Traces d'amines aromatiques :<\/strong>\u00a0Les pays imposent des limites \u00e0 leur teneur ; par exemple, les mat\u00e9riaux d'emballage alimentaire exigent des teneurs inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 50\u03bcg\/g.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Traces de m\u00e9taux lourds :<\/strong>\u00a0Les recherches de la DCMA am\u00e9ricaine indiquent que les niveaux de m\u00e9taux lourds des pigments organiques sont conformes \u00e0 la r\u00e9glementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Biph\u00e9nyles polychlor\u00e9s (PCB) : <\/strong>Strictement r\u00e9glement\u00e9 en Europe et aux \u00c9tats-Unis, peut \u00eatre pr\u00e9sent dans certains pigments azo\u00efques ou pigments produits \u00e0 l'aide de solvants chlor\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In summary, organic pigments exhibit no acute toxicity, repeated-dose toxicity, significant mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity under conventional conditions. Germany\u2019s 1994 ban applies only to dyes, not organic pigments. However, attention must still be paid to harmful aromatic amines in production auxiliaries, additives, and raw materials. Additionally, monitor varieties prone to decomposing harmful substances at high temperatures (e.g., bichlorobenzidine-based pigments) and byproducts like dioxins that may form during wastewater treatment.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

01 Overview of Pigment-Related Legislation To meet product safety and environmental requirements, plastics and plastic products must comply with regulations across countries and regions, particularly concerning chemical substance controls. Among these, chemical specifications for colorants (pigments) receive significant attention. Depending on the region and product type, relevant requirements may target the pigments themselves, the plastic […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gel-polish"],"yoast_head":"\nPigments & Toxicology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"To meet product safety and environmental requirements, plastics and plastic products must comply with regulations across countries and regions, particularly concerning chemical substance controls. Among these, chemical specifications for colorants (pigments) receive significant attention. 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