{"id":9033,"date":"2025-09-08T09:05:47","date_gmt":"2025-09-08T09:05:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/?p=9033"},"modified":"2025-09-08T09:06:55","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T09:06:55","slug":"2025-pigments-toxicology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/2025-pigments-toxicology\/","title":{"rendered":"2025 Pigmenten & Toxicologie"},"content":{"rendered":"

01 Overzicht van wetgeving met betrekking tot pigmenten<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Om te voldoen aan productveiligheids- en milieuvereisten moeten kunststoffen en kunststofproducten voldoen aan regelgeving in verschillende landen en regio's, met name wat betreft de controle op chemische stoffen. Hiervan krijgen chemische specificaties voor kleurstoffen (pigmenten) veel aandacht. Afhankelijk van de regio en het producttype kunnen de relevante vereisten gericht zijn op de pigmenten zelf, de kunststofmaterialen of algemene bepalingen omvatten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De effecten van chemische stoffen op slijmvliezen zoals huid en ogen worden beoordeeld aan de hand van contactproeven op dieren in laboratoria en worden geclassificeerd op basis van de mate van irritatie of corrosie. Onderzoek wijst uit dat de overgrote meerderheid van organische pigmenten niet irriterend is voor huid en slijmvliezen; van de 192 veelgebruikte organische pigmenten vertoonden er slechts 6 lichte irritatie bij proefdieren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Organische pigmenten vertonen geen toxiciteit bij herhaalde blootstellingstests en zijn uitgesloten van stoffen waarvoor het R48-label (herhaalde blootstelling veroorzaakt ernstige schade) vereist is volgens de EU-regelgeving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inorganic pigments often contain heavy metals (defined as having a density >4.5 g\/mL). Except for aluminum powder, carbon black, and ultramarine blue\/violet, most contain heavy metals. Testing indicates that, apart from chromium and cadmium-based pigments, most inorganic pigments are harmless in terms of toxicology and ecology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

02 Toxicologie en ecologie van pigmenten<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pigmenten zijn slecht oplosbaar in water en gewone oplosmiddelen. Hun ecologische impact komt voornamelijk voort uit de uitstoot van uitlaatgassen en afvalwater tijdens de productie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Afvalgas:<\/strong>\u00a0Verontreiniging door organisch pigmentstof vereist concentraties in de lucht lager dan 6 mg\/m\u00b3 en moet worden gezuiverd voordat het wordt geloosd. Productiepersoneel moet beschermende uitrusting dragen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Afvalwater: <\/strong>Het afvalwater van de productie kan kankerverwekkende stoffen bevatten zoals aromatische aminen en nitrieten, waardoor fysische en biologische behandeling nodig is om het niet giftig te maken voor vissen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uitgebreid onderzoek bevestigt dat de toxicologie en ecologie van kleurstoffen negen aspecten omvat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Acute toxiciteit<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Verwijst naar toxiciteit als gevolg van een eenmalige blootstelling. Tests op muizen met 108 organische pigmenten toonden hun LD50<\/sub>\u00a0waarden allemaal hoger dan 5000 mg\/kg, hoger dan keukenzout (ongeveer 3000 mg\/kg). De EU definieert stoffen met een LD50<\/sub>\u00a0onder 2000 mg\/kg als giftig. Uit ETAD-tests op meer dan 4.400 kleurstoffen en pigmenten bleek dat slechts ongeveer 8% acute toxiciteit vertonen, voornamelijk kationische kleurstoffen, metaalcomplexkleurstoffen en producten die hulpstoffen bevatten. Momenteel zijn 13 acuut toxische pigmenten verboden (Tabel 1), waaronder 6 basische pigmenten, 2 zure pigmenten, 1 direct pigment, 3 ijskleurstofbasen en 1 ftalocyanine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabel 1: Op dit moment verboden pigmenten met acute toxiciteit op de markt <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serienummer<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pigment<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Serienummer<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pigment<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
1<\/td>Basis Geel 21<\/td>8<\/td>Zuur Oranje 165<\/td><\/tr>
2<\/td>Basis Rood 12<\/td>9<\/td>Direct Oranje 62<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>Basis Violet 16<\/td>10<\/td>IJsverf Basis 20<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>Basis Blauw 3<\/td>11<\/td>IJsverf Basis 24<\/td><\/tr>
5<\/td>Basis Blauw 7<\/td>12<\/td>IJskleur Base 41<\/td><\/tr>
6<\/td>Basisblauw 81<\/td>13<\/td>Ingrain Blauw 2:2<\/td><\/tr>
7<\/td>Zuur Oranje 156<\/td>\u00a0<\/td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Deze acuut toxische pigmenten vertonen de volgende kenmerken: in water oplosbare pigmenten vormen de overgrote meerderheid; ze lossen gemakkelijk op in polaire oplosmiddelen zoals ethanol; en hun moleculaire structuren bevatten sterk elektronendonerende substituenten zoals aminogroepen of gesubstitueerde aminogroepen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 Toxiciteit bij herhaalde blootstelling<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bij herhaalde blootstellingstests met subletale doses bij dieren vertoonden de meeste kleurstoffen en pigmenten geen orgaantoxiciteit bij doses van maximaal 1000 mg\/kg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 Irritatie<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Verwijst naar irritatie-effecten op de huid en slijmvliezen. Uit ETAD-tests met 68 kleurstoffen en pigmenten bleek dat ongeveer 30% oog- of huidirritatie veroorzaakte, deels veroorzaakt door additieven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4 Allergeniciteit<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Certain pigments may cause skin or respiratory allergies. Allergenic pigments in textiles must be controlled below 0.006%. ETAD identified 27 allergenic pigments (Table 2), including 26 disperse dyes and 1 acid dye; the Oeko-Tex Standard 100 lists 20. Their common characteristics include: predominantly azo or anthraquinone structures, relatively low molecular weight (230\u00a0\u2013 400), presence of strong electron-donating groups such as hydroxyl or amino, and solubility in organic solvents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabel 2 Op dit moment bekende allergene pigmenten <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serienummer<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pigment<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Serienummer<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pigment<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
1<\/td>C.I. Disperse geel 1<\/td>15<\/td>C.I. dispersie blauw 1<\/td><\/tr>
2<\/td>C.I. Disperse Geel 3<\/td>16<\/td>C.I. dispersie blauw 3<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>C.I. dispersie geel 9<\/td>17<\/td>C.I. dispersie blauw 7<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>C.I. Disperse Geel 39<\/td>18<\/td>C.I. dispersie blauw 26<\/td><\/tr>
5<\/td>C.I. Disperse Geel 49<\/td>19<\/td>C.I. dispersie blauw 35<\/td><\/tr>
6<\/td>C.I. Disperse Orange 1<\/td>20<\/td>C.I. dispersie blauw 85<\/td><\/tr>
7<\/td>C.I. Disperse Orange 3<\/td>21<\/td>C.I. dispersie blauw 102<\/td><\/tr>
8<\/td>C.I. Disperse Orange 13<\/td>22<\/td>C.I. dispersie blauw 106<\/td><\/tr>
9<\/td>C.I. Disperse Sinaasappel 37<\/td>23<\/td>C.I. dispersie blauw 124<\/td><\/tr>
10<\/td>C.I. Disperse Orange 76<\/td>24<\/td>C.I. Dispersie Bruin 1<\/td><\/tr>
11<\/td>C.I. dispersie rood 1<\/td>25<\/td>C.I. Disperse Zwart 1<\/td><\/tr>
12<\/td>C.I. dispersie rood 11<\/td>26<\/td>C.I. Disperse Zwart 2<\/td><\/tr>
13<\/td>C.I. dispersie rood 15<\/td>27<\/td>C.I. Acid Zwart 48<\/td><\/tr>
14<\/td>C.I. Disperse Rood 17<\/td>\u00a0<\/td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2.5 Mutageniteit<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genotoxiciteit wordt beoordeeld met tests zoals de Ames-test. Meer dan twee derde van meer dan 200 kleurstoffen vertoont geen mutageniteit, terwijl slechts \u00e9\u00e9n van 36 organische pigmenten genotoxiciteit vertoont. Onzuiverheden kunnen ook bijdragen aan mutagene effecten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabel 3 geeft een overzicht van de mutageniciteit van 25 organische pigmenten die met de Ames-methode zijn getest, waarbij slechts geringe mutagene effecten in een paar specifieke organische pigmentvari\u00ebteiten zijn aangetoond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabel 3: Resultaten van de mutageniciteitstest op organische pigmenten met de Ames-test <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pigmenten \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Kleurstof Index Structuurnummer<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Resultaten<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Pigmenten \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Kleurstof Index Structuurnummer<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Resultaten<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Geel 1<\/td>11680<\/td>Negatief<\/td>C.I. pigmentrood 49:2<\/td>15630:2<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Geel 12<\/td>21090<\/td>Negatief<\/td>C.I. pigmentrood 53:1<\/td>15585 1<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Geel 74<\/td>11741<\/td>Negatief<\/td>C.I. pigmentrood 57:1<\/td>15850 1<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Oranje 5<\/td>12075<\/td>Zwak positief<\/td>C.I. pigmentrood 63:1<\/td>158801<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Oranje 13<\/td>21110<\/td>Negatief<\/td>C.1. Blauw pigment 15<\/td>74160<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Rood 1<\/td>12070<\/td>Zwak positief<\/td>C1. Pigmentblauw 15:1<\/td>74160.1<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Rood 4<\/td>12085<\/td>Negatief<\/td>C1. Pigment blauw 1512<\/td>74160 2<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Rood 22<\/td>12815<\/td>Negatief<\/td>C1. Pigmentblauw 15:3<\/td>74160-3<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Rood 23<\/td>12355<\/td>Negatief<\/td>C1. Pigmentblauw 15:4<\/td>74160\u00a04<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Rood 48:1<\/td>15865-1<\/td>Negatief<\/td>C.1. Pigment groen 7<\/td>74260<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.-pigmentrood 48:2<\/td>15865 2<\/td>Negatief<\/td>C.1. Groen pigment 36<\/td>74265<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Rood 49<\/td>15630<\/td>Negatief<\/td>C.1. Pigment Violet 19<\/td>73900<\/td>Negatief<\/td><\/tr>
C.I.Pigment Rood 49:1<\/td>15630:1<\/td>Negatief<\/td>\u00a0<\/td>\u00a0<\/td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2.6 Chronische toxiciteit en carcinogeniteit<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bepaalde kleurstoffen kunnen ontleden waarbij kankerverwekkende aromatische amines vrijkomen of vertonen directe carcinogeniteit. ETAD identificeerde 143 kleurstoffen die mogelijk ontleden in kankerverwekkende amines, waarvan 11 geclassificeerd als direct kankerverwekkend - de meeste met azostructuren of aminosubstituenten. Pigmenten zoals koperftalocyanine kunnen adsorberen aan serumeiwitten en zich ophopen, waardoor de samenstelling van het bloed wordt be\u00efnvloed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.7 Aquatische toxiciteit en biologische afbreekbaarheid<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ETAD testing indicates that 59% of dyes and pigments exhibit low fish toxicity (LD50 > 100 mg\/L), while only 2% demonstrate high toxicity (LD50 < 1 mg\/L). In bacterial toxicity tests, a small number of dyes inhibit bacterial growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.8 Irritatie van de huid en slijmvliezen<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Van de 192 organische pigmenten vertoont slechts een zeer klein aantal irritatie op de huid en slijmvliezen van proefdieren, inclusief de effecten van additieven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.9 Onzuiverheden in pigmenten<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Sporen van aromatische aminen:<\/strong>\u00a0Landen leggen limieten op voor hun gehalte; verpakkingsmaterialen voor voedingsmiddelen vereisen bijvoorbeeld niveaus onder 50\u03bcg\/g.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Zware metalen op sporen:<\/strong>\u00a0Uit onderzoek van het Amerikaanse DCMA blijkt dat de niveaus van zware metalen in organische pigmenten voldoen aan de voorschriften.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Polychloorbifenylen (PCB's): <\/strong>Streng beperkt in Europa en de VS, kan aanwezig zijn in bepaalde azopigmenten of pigmenten die geproduceerd zijn met gechloreerde oplosmiddelen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In summary, organic pigments exhibit no acute toxicity, repeated-dose toxicity, significant mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity under conventional conditions. Germany\u2019s 1994 ban applies only to dyes, not organic pigments. However, attention must still be paid to harmful aromatic amines in production auxiliaries, additives, and raw materials. Additionally, monitor varieties prone to decomposing harmful substances at high temperatures (e.g., bichlorobenzidine-based pigments) and byproducts like dioxins that may form during wastewater treatment.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

01 Overview of Pigment-Related Legislation To meet product safety and environmental requirements, plastics and plastic products must comply with regulations across countries and regions, particularly concerning chemical substance controls. Among these, chemical specifications for colorants (pigments) receive significant attention. Depending on the region and product type, relevant requirements may target the pigments themselves, the plastic […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gel-polish"],"yoast_head":"\nPigments & Toxicology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"To meet product safety and environmental requirements, plastics and plastic products must comply with regulations across countries and regions, particularly concerning chemical substance controls. Among these, chemical specifications for colorants (pigments) receive significant attention. 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Hiervan krijgen chemische specificaties voor kleurstoffen (pigmenten) veel aandacht. Afhankelijk van de regio en het producttype kunnen de relevante vereisten gericht zijn op de pigmenten zelf, de kunststofmaterialen of algemene bepalingen omvatten.","inLanguage":"nl-NL","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/2025-pigments-toxicology\/"]}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/","name":"Cat Eye Gel Polish \u2013 HEMA-vrij en TPO-vrij","description":"Terwijl anderen zich richten op meer kleuren, richten wij ons op veiligere ingredi\u00ebnten.","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"nl-NL"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/#organization","name":"Cat Eye Gel Polish \u2013 HEMA-vrij en TPO-vrij","url":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"nl-NL","@id":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/cropped-CHROMECLAIR-Logo-scaled-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/cropped-CHROMECLAIR-Logo-scaled-1.png","width":2151,"height":429,"caption":"Cat Eye Gel Polish \u2013 HEMA-Free \uff06 TPO-Free"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/#\/schema\/person\/cbf2417603932630fdbd61a317a49053","name":"CHROM\u00c9CLAIR","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"nl-NL","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cc5b24f2bc87cdbee82c5672e7dbd485f22b3e565a092f29cbd0a4b7b9d6bef4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cc5b24f2bc87cdbee82c5672e7dbd485f22b3e565a092f29cbd0a4b7b9d6bef4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cc5b24f2bc87cdbee82c5672e7dbd485f22b3e565a092f29cbd0a4b7b9d6bef4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"CHROM\u00c9CLAIR"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/chromeclair.com"]}]}},"yoast_title":"Pigments & Toxicology","yoast_description":"To meet product safety and environmental requirements, plastics and plastic products must comply with regulations across countries and regions, particularly concerning chemical substance controls. Among these, chemical specifications for colorants (pigments) receive significant attention. Depending on the region and product type, relevant requirements may target the pigments themselves, the plastic materials, or encompass general provisions.","yoast_keyword":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9033","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9033"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9033\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9034,"href":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9033\/revisions\/9034"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9033"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9033"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chromeclair.com\/nl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9033"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}